Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us Essay

Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us BY shaker71493 Jacob Nieuwenhuis Contemporary Issues MSR 10 March 2010 Universal Health Care in the United States â€Å"Of all tyrannies, a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber baron’s cruelty may sometimes sleep. His cupidity may at some time point be satisfied; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own conscience. † -C. S. Lewis (1898 – 1963) The issue of universal health care taking over the present health care system has become a heated topic all over America. With President Obama’s promise to pass a bill that will give government coverage to all Americans, most people were happy that health care would become more affordable for them. But is this the case? There has been a stiff opposition to the passing of any bill of this kind throughout the entire process, but the longer a bill stays in circulation the more time people have to form an opinion on the issue. With the law in effect now the issue now turns to if this will e better off for America in the long run, and if there is any good to such a system. History has a lot to say about socialized medicine. There have been many countries, not only socialistic countries which have used a public method of offering medicine. A few of these countries are Great Britain, Canada, France, Australia, and also the European system. These systems will be analyzed from their ro ots up in order to see whether they were successes or failures. The National Health Service (NHS) of Great Britain, which was created on July 5, 1948, is the world’s largest publicly funded health service ever. As can be seen on the diagram, the NHS is divided into two sections: primary and secondary care. Primary care is the first point of contact for most people and is delivered by a wide range of independent service providers, including general practitioners, dentists, pharmacists and optometrists. Secondary care is known as acute healthcare and can be either elective care or emergency care. Elective care means planned specialist medical care or surgery, usually following referral from a primary or community health professional such as a general practitioner. In this system there are a lot of different trusts (refer to iagram). These trusts are where the money is sent for certain types of care. The main trusts are the Primary care trusts. Primary care trusts (PCTs) are in charge of primary care and have a major role around commissioning secondary care, providing community care services. They are the main core to the NHS and control 80% of the NHS budget. Green, did a report on the effects of preventive care in Great Britain for diseases such as circulatory disease and cancer. His main focus was on the circulatory system and the conclusion of his reports states that: â€Å"The main findings can be summarized as follows. The I-JK has a poor record of preventing death from diseases of the circulatory system. After allowing for the different age structure of each country in the European Union, the I-JK death rate from circulatory diseases for persons aged less than 65 was ranked thirteenth out of the 15 countries studied. † There are many negative aspects of the NHS. There are stunning reports of people who didn’t get care, or who waited for months in order to get prevented care. One example of a terrible thing that happened recently in Great Britain was a cancer patient who had to wait for 62 weeks before starting treatment. Patients were outraged by this. They said that for some cancer patients with slow growing tumors could wait that long but that it is atrocious that someone would have to wait that long to receive any type of care at all. It was compared side by side with a case from 20 years earlier, when Heather Goodare was diagnosed with the same problem and eceived treatment within two weeks after first being diagnosed. The European system has run into a lot of obstacles over the years, mostly financial. There is currently a 5 percent to 8 percent increase in expenses per year in real terms, resulting in enormous deficits and even greater problems when the rate of unemployment rises. When employment rates improve, the deficits are eased because more taxes come in to pay for care. But as soon as employment falls again (which is common everywhere right about now), deficits come back. A common method used for getting over this deficit is rationing care and restricting use of high ost preventive cares such as CAT scans. Sometimes this is only towards people who meet a certain criteria, e. g. the elderly. This can only be bad for the consumer. Michael Tanner sums this up nicely in his article condemning socialized medicine in the U. S. : â€Å"The Europeans have run into a very simple economic rule. If something is for it. Think of it this way: if food were free, would you eat hamburger or steak? At the same time, health care is a finite good. There are only so many doctors, so many hospital beds and so much technology. If people over consume those resources, it drives up the cost of health care. â€Å" All the countries in Europe have this health care system. There are, however, three countries in Europe that allow their citizens to opt out of the official system and to take with a tax credit for the money they paid to the official system, to purchase private insurance in the health market. These countries are Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. In those countries, citizens do not have to pay twice in order to acquire private health insurance. The systems of these three countries are important in that they may point the way to a solution for the current financial problems Western health care systems are experiencing. This private plan is more expensive but reachable for at least a third of the population. For the most part, people in Europe are happy with the health care they receive. In the Netherlands there is a basic plan that everyone can buy (it is not a government mandate). This covers things such as broken limbs, emergency room visits Oust the visit), and seeing general practitioners. On top of this, a person may buy whatever â€Å"premium add-ons they want. An example of an add-on is dental and orthodontic care. With this add-on all the people in the household of the insurance buyer receive ull dental care as well as braces for all the children of the family. Trudy Rubin, who is a Philadelphia Inquirer opinion columnist, says that the United States is not learning valuable lessons from the European system of healthcare. She addresses the three myths that she thinks are thought to be believed as fact. She takes these myths from an excerpt from T. R. Reid. The three myths are as follows: à ¢â‚¬Å"Myth No. 1, he says, is that foreign systems with universal coverage are all â€Å"socialized medicine. † In countries such as France, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan, the coverage is universal while doctors and insurers are private. Individuals get their insurance through their workplace, sharing the premium with their employer as we do – and the government picks up the premium if they lose their Job. Myth No. 2, which is long waits and rationed care – is another whopper. â€Å"In many developed countries,† Reid writes, â€Å"people have quicker access to care and more choice than Americans do. † In France, Germany, and Japan, you can pick any provider or hospital in the country. Care is speedy and high quality, and no one is turned down. Myth No. 3 really grabs my attention: the delusion that countries with universal care â€Å"are wasteful systems run y bloated bureaucracies. † In fact, the opposite is true. America’s for-profit health insurance companies have the highest administrative costs of any developed country. Twenty percent or more of every premium dollar goes to nonmedical costs: paperwork, marketing, profits, etc. â€Å"If a profit is to be made, you need a n army of underwriters to deny claims and turn down sick people,† says Reid. † Canada is another place where health care is run by the government. This came into effect when the parliament unanimously passed the Canadian Health Act in system. Under this law, provinces must ensure that their health care systems respect ive criteria: The first is public administration. This means that the health insurance plans must be administered by a public authority who is accountable to the government. The second is comprehensive benefit. The plan must cover all medically necessary services prescribed by physicians and provided by hospitals. The third is universality. This means all legal residents of the province must be covered. The fourth criterion is portability. Under this, residents continue to be covered if they move or travel from one province to another. And the final criterion is accessibility. This means that services must be made available to all residents on equal terms, regardless of income, age, or ability to pay. The process which a patient goes through to receive health care is very simple. When a person goes to a doctor for any kind of medical treatment they have to present what is called a provincial health card. This is a credit card-looking piece of plastic that lets your physician know you are a legal user of the system

The Refugee

The Refugee by Pearl S. Buck Genre: social problem Theme: the aftermath of a natural disaster Setting: city in China; flood Characters: old man, noodle vendor, passer-by Summary: Please put the paragraphs into the correct order: An old man, too old for the heavy burden he is carrying, is the last of the procession. He can hardly keep up with the others. When he can no longer go on he sits down near a stand selling hot noodles. A man passing by takes pity on him and offers him some coins, although he himself does not know where his next meal is to come from.The old man is reluctant to take the money. He does not want to be thought a beggar and so explains the situation. He says that his people had good land, but that the river rose and they had no food left. In desperation they even ate the seed which had been bought for planting the land. He takes pains to defend his people, saying that they were too hungry and too inexperienced to think of the future, although he warned them not to eat the seed. The passer-by drops a silver coin and a copper penny into the old man's apron and goes on his way.To the noodle vendor's surprise the old man does not spend all the money on food, but only the copper coin. He gives the noodles to his small grandson, whom he is carrying in one of his baskets. The boy's mother and father had died in the floods and the old man is now looking after the child. He himself only eats the few scraps left by the boy. Then he hands the bowl back to the astonished vendor, who cannot understand why a starving man with a silver coin does not buy more food for himself.The old man explains that the rest of the money is for seed. He says that the best thing he can do for his grandson is to buy seed to ensure against more starvation the following year. The flooding of the river has forced the farmers of an unnamed country to leave their homelands and look for food and shelter in the capital a few hundred miles away. The city is full of ragged and starvi ng refugees and nobody really knows how to cope with the problem. They have to live in great camps outside the city wall trying to find work and food.The situation is causing a lot of bitterness among the local inhabitants. One day some new refugees arrive. They are different from the others in that they are not â€Å"riff-raff from some community always poor and easily starving in a flood time†. They are all from the same region and are well-built, neatly and cleanly dressed and obviously take pride in themselves, despite their hopeless situation. There are, however, no young girls and no infants, which suggests that they must have perished during the floods while still working in the fields.All of them carry bedding and cauldrons, though there is no trace of food in any of them. The lack of food shows in their faces and in their apathy towards the things around them. Unit I The Situation in the City 1. The situation in the city Why did the refugees have to leave their land? How do the refugees feel about the new place? Which words tell the reader that the place where they come from is very different from where they are now? How does the time of year make the situation of the refugees even worse?How do the local inhabitants feel about all the refugees in their city? The crowd of refugees is described as a â€Å"horde† (25 5). This term expresses dislike. Which other word in the same paragraph describes the refugees in a way which shows how much the inhabitants dislike them being in the city? Look the word up in a dictionary. What does it compare the refugees with? What ideas come to mind when you hear the word â€Å"horde†? Unit II The Refugees 1. The new refugees Despite the differences which exist between the new refugees and the others what do they have in common? common features: | |Feeling of alienation and estrangement | |They are as in a dream: apathy, lack of interest, no curiosity, indifference, despair, loss of hope, no confide nce | | | |differences: | |common refugees |new refugees | |they beg at doors | | |they have no belongings | | |tend to be poor wherever they are | | |†clothed somehow† (24 14-15) | | |they are â€Å"ragged† (24 16) | | |riff-raff no-one is proud of | | Unit III The significance of the title What makes the old man different from all the other refugees? Unit IV Unanswered Questions; The Message Topics for further discussion: What natural catastrophes threaten us? The message What can the reader learn from the story? Suggestion for written work: a) Imagine you are a citizen of the capital, a shopkeeper. You have had enough of all these refugees and do not want any more to come. You saw the new ones arrive yesterday.Write a letter to the editor of your local paper, explaining your point of view and demanding that something should be done about the situation. Words from the story will help you. b) Imagine you are the person who gave the money to the old man. Write a letter to the editor of your local paper, explaining how you feel: say that you want the city to do more to help the refugees both in their present situation and in the future. Suggest some ways of preventing a second catastrophe. Explain what will happen if there is no long-term help. Start both letters with ‘Dear sir' and end them with ‘Yours faithfully'. Read the letters out in class and discuss them.

Learning differences in a given learning environment Essay

Learning differences in a given learning environment - Essay Example Debates exist on whether it is the parental or teacher responsibility to effectively educate all these differences in student learning. Teacher's expectations/stereotypes whether conscious or subconscious may serve to either support all these learning differences in a mutual learning environment or may advantage some to the disadvantage of others. According to the theory of critical pedagogy which attempts to tailor the educational environment according to students' lived experiences, most educators do not consciously attempt to disadvantage students who come with non-dominant cultural, economic, ability differences yet since all of these students are located within a dominant culture they may or may not receive the proper attention required. Due to dominant curriculum content/narratives and norms of thinking which serve to stream non-dominant students into lower learning tracks and socializes them as such, many students fall between the cracks of the educational system and do not ge t their full learning potential realized. According to several critical pedagogical theorists the role of most schools is one in which the values of society with all its inequities are reproduced. Instead of focusing on the Zone of Proximal Development as described by Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1962) and Giroux (1998) teachers simply do not have all the knowledge base resources available nor the financial incentive to pay due attention to these important factors. Although working in the same time frame as Piaget, Vygotsky focused on cultural influences on cognitive stages of development in thinking (Santrock, 2008; Vygotsky, 1962; 1978). For Vygotsky culture specifies what to think, how to think and the means by which individuals think. For this reason, language is considered by him to be an essential element in the learning process since it represents the means by which the adult guides the child through the learning process (Santrock, 2008; Vygotsky, 1962). This illustrates that students who have a second or third language that they are exposed to at home learn differently than those exposed to English only. Since language is the primary means, according to Vygotsky, of intellectual transformation then language has a direct impact on learning. Children use internal speech and imitate their parents' speech so they start teaching themselves through the use of this self-talk. Development according to Vygotsky, means that children gradually become adapted through language to their cultural background and effectively to the learning environment. This theory otherwise known the sociocultural or social cognitive approach illustrates the importance of culture and language in the learning process. Teachers who address language and cultural differences in their teaching by recognizing and effectively including these understandings within learning are being effective educators (Santrock, 2008; Vygotsky, 1962; 1978). Another important factor is the role of socio-economic backgrounds. According to Giroux (1998) schools should do more than simply replicate the stratification existing in society by emphasizing values of competition, individualism, and intellectual consumerism. Instead schools can and should promote a sense of democratic community for teachers and students (Giroux & Schmidt, 2004). This inevitably means

Employee Assistance Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Employee Assistance Program - Assignment Example In this context, John would respond better if he were corrected from a positive orientation. Indentifying his positive aspects is vital in the confrontation. My choice for the response is because John has positive performance despite having low scores in socialization. 2-Sharon has recently transferred to your unit. Right away, there are problems. She regularly reports late to work, she talks on the phone with friends constantly, and her performance is not meeting standards. Which of the following is your best response? Sharon has a serious issue that might lead to her dismissal. However, been a managers my action are expected to be at employee’s best interests and, therefore she deserves another chance. My choice of the response is based on the source of the problem rather than the outcome. Probably, her former place of work did not uphold proper work etiquette and hence her misconduct. 3- George is a long-time employee under your supervision. His performance record is satisfactory. In the past 12 months, George and his wife lost their vacation cabin in a fire, they are financially strapped, and their oldest son was recently arrested for drug possession. George is quiet, moody and often asks for unscheduled leave to meet with his sons lawyer or his accountant. Just yesterday, you overheard him say to a co-worker, â€Å"Just leave me alone. The summary report will be done as they always do. Go bother someone else.† You have been documenting these similar occurrences, and you decide to suggest to George that he consider contacting EAP. Which of the following is the best way to approach George? D is the most appropriate response since it balances George’s professional and personal needs. Indeed, George requires someone who can listen to his problems, before been told what to do. Moreover, confronting him without listening to his side of the story will upset him making him develop negative attitude towards any proposal. 4- You supervise

Self-Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self-Assessment - Assignment Example I love giving back to the society, especially children, so whenever I get a chance to touch a child’s heart, I do not hesitate, I dedicate one day each month to visit a children’s home close to where I live. Before I visit, I collect clothes, food stuffs, shoes and toys from those who are willing to give and give to the children on my visit. Another hobby that I have is cooking, over the years I have collected hundreds of recipes that I enjoy trying out at home, it always gives me great pleasure to see my family and friends enjoy the food that I have prepared. I have even come up with my own recipes that I submit to food websites. I am motivated, I take my work seriously and every opportunity that I get to improve on the business I take advantage of it. I have a routine that involves me getting up early in the morning so that I can have time for exercise and to read my emails and also study. I keep myself updated on the trends of the food industry as that is the line of business that we are involved in, I borrow a leaf from other companies that are in the same line of work and try to implement what I find useful and sustainable. So far, the business’ earnings have improved remarkably and we are looking to open another outlet once we get the right location. I am a leader, this is the most important aspect of the work that I am doing and the course that I am taking, to be a good manager, I need to be a great leader. In our line of business, it is important for me to ensure that we are running efficiently and effectively, by keeping our expenses low, our returns high and our customers and employees happy. Being the manager, I have a team that I work with to ensure all these happen and I empower them by asking for their opinions and how they think we should implement some strategies. I then delegate work to them so that they can be responsible for their own actions and also feel that their input in the business is valued. When a job has

The surprising fact about the 17th century Spain is not so much its Essay

The surprising fact about the 17th century Spain is not so much its decline as a great power but its survival for so long.' Do y - Essay Example Spain was able to survive. The Spanish government’s decline as a great power is not as important as the how long Spain continues to survive until the end of the 17th century. Henry Arthur (1980) emphasized the English general Oliver Cromwell’s death in 1658 had inflicted a huge loss on the English Army as well as the strength of the French army. Cromwell had joined forces with the French to prevent the Stuarts from regaining the throne in England. The French were interested in the alliance because they did not want the Stuarts to return the English throne. History shows that the Stuarts did return to the English Throne in 1658 after the political turmoil that erupted in England in the same year. When King Charles II ascended the English throne, England stopped its attacks on Spain. Initially, the English commander, Cromwell, sought Catholic France’s alliance in order to defeat Catholic Spain because Cromwell believes God prefers that the Protestant religion shoul d flourish in Europe. Cromwell initially attacked the Spanish trade and treasure routes. Cromwell tried to attack the Spanish forced on Hispaniola. However, the Cromwell attacked failed because the Spanish defensive forces in Hispaniola were too strong compared to the incoming English army. Defeated, Cromwell’s forces fled and reached the shores of Jamaica in May 1655. Overall, the English Admiral Robert Blake attacks did not completely win the war against Spain. The English – French alliance was entitled the Treaty of Paris was signed in March 1657. The treaty emphasised France will join England in attacking Spain in the battle of Flanders. The treaty specified that English will send an estimated 4,900 soldiers and France will send 19,900 soldiers to fight the Spanish soldiers. The war reached the Gravelines, Mardyck and Dunkirk localities where Spain had more gains compared to the English side. Further, during Spain’s war against England, England suffered huge losses. The Spanish counter attack had eradicated the English shipping trade. In the same light, Spain also suffered huge losses when Admiral Blake blockaded Cadiz. The blockade caused a stoppage of the Spanish economy which generated most of its cash inflows from imported silver and gold coming from the Americas. Spain’s King Philip IV was extremely worried with the English Attacks in Italy, Flanders, and Portugal. Furthermore, William Guthrie (2003) reiterated the 30 years French – Spanish war precipitated from the Habsburg rivalry. France attacked Spain at Les Avins in 1635. In response, the Spanish forces used its Southern Netherlands forces to implement speedy counter attacks on French defensive positions. The counterattacks had literally maimed the French economy. In 1643, the French army crushed the previously invincible Spanish army in Rocroi, Northern France. During this time, the Catalonia revolts and the Portuguese revolts had undermined the strength of the Spanish army. During this war, the Spanish forces were trapped between the French forces on one side and the Dutch forces on the other side. As expected, the Spanish forces were trounced by the advancing French forces at the battle of Lens. However, could not overrun the losing Spanish forces strategically entrenched in Flanders. The In the Peace of Westphalia, France was given the Alsace territory. Likewise, Spain

Major Problems in Dealing with Health in Rural India and Advise on how Article

Major Problems in Dealing with Health in Rural India and Advise on how to Address the Problems - Article Example Even though the government has introduced various health policies for example the 2005 National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) Policy to the Indias in rural areas as a way of providing quality and affordable health care, low consideration has been given to the system of medicine in rural areas (Kaveri 47). For example, modern medical training, an initiative that is funded by local people has failed to meet the needs of rural dwellers that form the biggest percentage of Indian residents. This is based on lack of proper skills by practitioners to provide adequate health care. For example, 79 % of the practitioners in rural areas who practice allopathic medicine have no appropriate training (Ashok et al 24). Poor accessibility of health care One of the major causes of problem when dealing with health care in Tamil Nadu and other regions is lack of adequate access to health care (Ashok et al 13).This is based on the fact that most of the health care centers are aimed at benefiting the urban dwellers and the upper class (World Health Organization 25). While the health care in urban areas is been provided by properly equipped dispensaries and hospital that are managed by corporate and other organizations, health services in rural areas especially those related to family planning and immunization are addressed by rural health centers that have inadequate facilities leading to high rate of child. Misallocation of financial resources and inadequate public expenditure on health Only 0.9% of the gross domestic product (GDP) is allocated to public health which is not adequate to meet the health needs of rural people Considering that more than 80% of the Indians reside in rural areas, and only 10% of the health budget is directed to rural areas, it is clear that the health problems are real challenges in rural areas (World Health Organization 25). Commercialization of health services Due to the failure of the government to provide adequate drugs in rural hospitals, rural resid ents have continued to seek the services of the private sector. This is despite the contributions of the public towards national budget through income and value added taxes. Based on the high level of poverty by rural residents, it has become a challenge to acquire drugs from the private health care providers. In the same way, drugs that are not recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) have dominated Indian market as dealers focus at maximizing their revenue (World Health Organization 17). Important advice to solving these problems In order to ensure the health of rural people residing in Tamil Nadu and other states is enhanced, it is vital for the government to provide cheap cell phones that are connected to the internet. In this way, communication between health providers will be improved. In addition, it would help in bringing about accessibility of the hospitals by the rural residents . Another way of enhancing accessibility of health care is incresing the number of mobile vans that are already been in use in India. Such vans will also be essential in entering areas where public health services have not reached. It is also important to ensure that states appropriately uses the budgetary allocation of the finacial resources allocated by NRHM. For example, in 2008-09 fiscal year, out of 33.5% of the resources allocated to Uttar Pradesh, 41.7% was unspent (Kaveri, 36). The lack of spending of the

DELACROIX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DELACROIX - Essay Example h envoy’s delegation would stay in the North Africa for six months, spending most of the time in the city of Tangier1.Travelling around Algeria and Morocco (after France conquered the former) with the diplomatic mission, the painter carefully â€Å"documented† everything he saw. Capturing the images of exotic lands, Delacroix created numerous sketches, drawings and watercolors. In these images, the painter sought to depict silhouettes, lifestyle, garments and manners. Eventually, impressions that Delacroix got in this trip, served as a rich source of inspiration for his further works. The excerpts from his journal remind of paintings, too. The artist described rather briefly the events that took place during the journey: the mission’s moving through the country, the Jewish wedding, the audience at the emperor’s and others. In addition, there are mentions of exotic Eastern traditions and customs, like that of the Moors described in the note from March 11. While reading his journal, the painting enthusiast would be inevitably enraptured by aesthetics of Eugene Delacroix notes. The genuine artistic nature is clearly seen through the journal notes – the soul of a painter is reflected virtually in every sentence: instead of granting much attention to the events – as ordinary people do – Delacroix was mostly interested in details. It is not the ritual of Jewish wedding celebration that he depicted in his notes, but the surrounding and people. He described clothing, face traits and other details that probably wouldn’t be even me ntioned in a journal of an ordinary person: â€Å"pretty Jewish woman; vest, sleeves, gold and amaranth. She is silhouetted halfway against the door, halfway against the wall.†2 This description of a Jewish woman present at the celebration of the wedding illustrates a peculiar artistic approach – the author doesn’t pamper the reader with exquisitely built complex sentences, this is more similar to operational notes. However, the

The Fall of The Spanish Armada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Fall of The Spanish Armada - Research Paper Example Elizabeth was very ambitious and followed her father’s religion, protestant. In her rule, she declared the English religion as the Church of England, and not Catholicism. This upset the Spanish king who hated Protestants. This was the beginning of their differences. In her first thirty years of reign, Queen Elizabeth I of England made sure that peace prevailed in the country. Trade and commerce was thriving and the England ships were encompassing the territory, further across to the West Indies. This expansion of commerce became a source of conflict with Spain and Portugal. The two super powers, Spain and Portugal, were the rulers of the New World. They were practicing trade monopoly and the invasion of English traders was positively welcomed. The traders from England broke through the barriers establishment set up by Spanish and Portuguese army, and went to sell the black seized from Africa, making enormous profits. On their way back to England, the traders, notably Sir Franc is Drake and John Hawkins, would attack the Spanish ships and steal their gold (Arthur). Queen Elizabeth was aiding the traders with ships and finances, and had a share from the profits and the stolen treasure from the Spaniards. The pirates from England went on with their attacks on ships from and to Spain. Some of the Spanish shipments were carrying supplies to countries opposing Protestantism, while others were bound to Spain, carrying treasures and slaves for Spain. The Spanish ports in South America and Caribbean also suffered attacks. Elizabeth was said to share part of the loot, but the worst thing was that she used part of the loot to enforce Protestant movements in Europe that were against the Spanish Catholicism Empire. These actions from England deteriorated the relations between the two nations, but Philip did not want to attack Elizabeth directly. The Rodolfi Conspiracy of 1571 gave King Philip a chance to go against Queen Elizabeth. The conspiracy was set to assassinat e Queen Elizabeth I and empower her Protestant cousin, Mary Queen of Scots. The relation between England and Spain suffered greatly due to both parties. Elizabeth was giving a safe haven for the Dutch individuals who were harassing Spanish ships. Around 1570, the famous pirate and soldier, Francis drake, sailed around the globe destroying Spanish colonies and their shipments (Mattingly 47). To counter this move, the Philip conquered Portugal and strengthened his military powers. Elizabeth offered an asylum for the overthrown Portuguese leader Don Antonio, and gave him authority to lead harassment of the Spanish ships by the English army. In the quest of seeking ally nations against Spain, Elizabeth started negotiations with France. In response to an attempt by the French forces to fight the Spanish navy off Terceira, the Spanish navy destroyed the French forces easily, fatally injuring most of the soldiers. Spain had regained confidence in its naval superiority. In 1584, there was a n attempt on the life of Elizabeth. She ordered a serious campaign aimed against the Spanish ships and the Caribbean holdings, placing Frobisher and Drake as the leaders. In the year that followed, the queen ordered close to five thousand soldiers ruled by the earl of Leicester to shore up after their leader, William of Orange, died. In addition to these acts, the queen ordered the execution of Mary, her protestant rival in February 1587. The Spanish King at the time, King Philip

The prof. wants me to devolop a teaching project in midwifery or any Assignment

The prof. wants me to devolop a teaching project in midwifery or any other medical feild - Assignment Example Midwifery model of delivery is considered safe, cost-effective and high quality in other countries apart from the USA where the medical model of delivery is more prevalent. Despite this, Amnesty International (2010) ranks the USA below 40 other developed countries in maternal health care. The maternal health care crisis in the USA is a result of many different factors. The most significant is the conflict of interest between obstetricians and midwives. This has contributed to the popular notion that hospitals are the only safe places for childbirths in the USA (Wagner, 2008). Conversely, extensive evidence reveals that women receiving midwifery care experience excellent infant and maternal outcomes, satisfaction and cost-effective care (Blanchette, 1995; Greulich et al., 1994; Jackson et al., 2003; MacDroman & Singh, 1998). Despite the fact that midwifery is imperative in streamlining the ailing maternal health system in the USA, it also faces some very serious challenges that require immediate intervention for it to be effective. These challenges according to Walker, Lannen and Rossie (2014) are: Physicians opposition, inadequate teaching and training methods, state and federal regulations, the publics’ lack of confidence in midwifery services, prevailing economic and political environment, not being recognized by third-party payers such as Medicaid, and conflicts among midwifery organizations. The shift towards effective midwifery practices should begin with the revision of the midwifery education programs. Some of the changes that the midwifery institutions can apply are to change the methods of teaching and training future generations of midwives. Teaching has to be made fun, interactive, exciting, engaging and educative. This can be achieved by radically changing the way students are taught and exploring other avenues such as: films, videos, crossword puzzles, creative arts, flipping, online discussions and many more. More importantly

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Essay Example for Free

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Essay Imagine being not able to move your muscles freely everyday, and that process has to coordinate between the brain and the spinal cord to tell the muscles to move. However, when this coordination is challenged and can not convey signals, the results are no muscle movement. At first, muscles in the hands, arms, and legs feel weak. The hands and feet twitch. Speaking and eventually breathing become difficult, and paralysis occurs in the final stages, although thinking and other cognitive functions remain intact. Death usually occurs within five years of the onset of symptoms. This rare, progressive disorder is also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, after a famous baseball player whose life was cut short by it. What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? Nowadays, more and more persons are being detected with a condition that is signified as â€Å"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis†. In the history, this neurological situation was signified by several as â€Å"Lou Gehrig’s disorder† (Hohnsbeen, 2008). Those that suffer from this medical condition endure great complexities. This is essentially because of the fact that the disorder quickly wages war against some nerve cells in the body. These cells are recognized as neurons by medical experts. The neurons that are alluring to the disorder are the ones that are absolutely liable for the control of muscles that are deemed to be voluntary. The muscles in the upper body as well as those in the lower body are influenced. The influenced neurons are situated in the brain as well as the spinal cord and finally die (Hohnsbeen, 2008). In this direction, one will learn the facts adjacent the neurological state of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. When a person is detected with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the advancement of the disorder may be gradual or it may be rapid. It all depends on the general health of the individual, how long they have had the condition previous to diagnosis, plus any other medical circumstances that they may endure from (Phillies, 1995). Seeing that the reason of this severe neurological condition is unidentified, medical experts often have a hard time deciding the speed in which the condition improvements. Nevertheless, it is a fact that it will improve and signs observed will become more demanding to the functionality of the body. Difficulties that engage the muscles of the body that are utilized for different purposes will be experienced (Phillies, 1995). It is not common for the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis sufferer to experience difficulties such as problems in walking, situations in which it is challenging to eat and swallow as suitable, and several may even face severe medical emergencies such as the failure to breathe properly. The cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is not identified, though a significant step toward deciding the cause came in 1993 when scientists found that changes in the gene that generates the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) enzyme were related with some cases (about twenty-percent) of familial Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This enzyme is an influential antioxidant that defends the body from harm caused by superoxide, a toxic free radical produced in the mitochondria (William, 2000). Free radicals are very reactive molecules made by cells during normal metabolism again mostly by the mitochondria. Free radicals can build up and cause harm to both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and proteins within cells. Proof proposes that inability of defenses against oxidative pressure up-regulates programmed cell death (apoptosis), among several other potential results. Although it is not yet obvious how the SOD1 gene mutation leads to motor neuron degeneration, examiners have theorized that an accumulation of free radicals may consequence from the faulty functioning of this gene. New study, nevertheless, points out that motor neuron death is not probably a consequence of lost or compromised dismutase activity, proposing mutant SOD1 induces toxicity in some other way (William, 2000). Researches engaging transgenic mice have yielded many hypotheses about the role of SOD1 in mutant SOD1 familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mice lacking the SOD1 gene totally do not usually develop amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, although they do demonstrate an acceleration of age-associated muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) and a shortened lifespan (Wade, 2001). This points out that the toxic properties of the mutant SOD1 are a consequence of a gain in function rather than a loss of normal function. Additionally, aggregation of proteins has been found to be a common pathological aspect of both familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Fascinatingly, in mutant SOD1 mice, totals of mutant SOD1 were discovered only in disordered tissues, and large amounts were detected during motor neuron degeneration. It is observed that whole deposit of mutant SOD1 carries out a role in disturbing cellular functions by harmful mitochondria, proteasomes, protein folding chaperones, or other proteins (Phillies, 1995). Any such trouble, if shown, would lend large credibility to the hypothesis that aggregates are engaged in mutant SOD1 toxicity. Opponents have noted that in humans, SOD1 mutations cause only two-percent or so of general cases and the etiological mechanisms may be different from those liable for the sporadic type of the disorder. To date, the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis SOD1 mice remain the best model of the disorder for preclinical researches but it is expected that more helpful models will be developed (Wade, 2001). There are several signs that are indicated to the situation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In most sufferers, the first sign related with the situation was a weakness in the body. This weakness is generally related with a particular muscle. It may happen in the face. Several have endured from a common weakness in the tongue. It could also happen in other parts of the body, such as the hands or the legs. This is a symptom that the neurons that are liable for motor functions are facing death (Mitsumoto, 2009). In several cases, the weakness will expand to other parts of the body. As the neurons experience death as a consequence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, they are not capable to relay the suitable signals to the brain. As a consequence, the muscles simply do not realize that they are supposed to move in one way or another. Over time, they are employed less and less. Weakness sets in to the muscles, and then they lose their mass. As the neurological situation improvements, other signs will start to happen. Muscle twitching is an ordinary sign. The twitching may be in the type of sore cramps for several, but this is not always the situation. An individual that has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may start to notice that simple tasks engaging the hands may become more challenging. Several may discover that their talking and the capability to use their mouth for eating and swallowing are more complicated. Finally, walking will become problem. Those that are detected with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis will often find that they feel weak and comparatively tired, but they are capable to carry on doing tasks that engage cognitive capability such as concentrating on projects such as reading, memorization and often capable to focus with little to no difficulties at all (Mitsumoto, 2009). Conclusion Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a situation that is deemed to be deadly. Unluckily, there is no treatment for this situation. Once the disorder has started to impact the body, the harm that it produces will extend (Hohnsbeen, 2008). The collapse to the condition is that most of the sufferers that endure it will be influenced with a failure of the respiratory system. The average time span in which this happens is within 3 to 5 years from the onset of the disease. This generally results in death. Nevertheless, there have been several people that have surpassed a lifespan of ten years once diagnosed. If you have currently been examined, keep in mind to work carefully with your physician when it comes to cures. Finding a support group can also show to be extremely helpful when it comes to coping with the progress of the neurological situation.

Modern audience Essay Example for Free

Modern audience Essay The Taming of the Shrew involves a rich businessman, Baptista, who has two daughters. He forbids anyone to court his beautiful daughter, Bianca, until he finds someone to marry his other daughter, Katherina, who is labelled a shrew. The man marries Katherina is Petruchio; who treats her cruelly until she obeys and agrees with him.  At the time the play was written, the role of women in life was different. Today, we learn that men and women should be seen as equals. In act 5 scene 2 of the play, this is not seen. In Padua, women were seen as possessions of men among with other things such as the mans house or horse. It was a womans duty to obey her husband and because Kate did not, she is seen by the male characters as unnatural which is evidence of evil. With a modern audience, this role of women will cause some people, especially the women, to feel insulted or uncomfortable. In the play, if Kate is dressed in old-fashioned clothes then her speeches will be taken seriously, but if Kate is dressed in modern designer clothes with sunglasses and maybe a mobile telephone, then the audience will assume she is being sarcastic in her speech. A lot of what the audience thinks will also depend upon the other characters reactions to what Kate says. They could be shocked and surprised at what she says or they could see it as a big joke. I will describe how I would direct part of act 5 scene 2 to a modern audience. This is where most of the main characters are together and Petruchio shows all the other men that he has tamed Kate. All the men have had a bet on whose wife is most obedient.  The men will be playing cards and the women will be talking in a nearby room. The servants, Biondello and Gremio will also be playing cards with the men because they are good friends of their masters. The men will be dressed in casual suits with loosened ties to create the effect of the upper class relaxing. Kate will be wearing a long, flowing dress to show that she is like an ordinary upper class lady rather than the more radical clothes she would have worn before she was tamed. Bianca and the widow would also be wearing the same style of dress.  I want the audience to think that although Kate has been disciplined and obeys Petruchio, she is still her own person. All the other men will think she is her old self and will never be to be like her sister, Bianca. After being called for by her husband, Petruchio, Kate will enter the mens room, dragging Bianca by the hair. This will show the audience that even though Kate has changed to be more like her sister was, she still doesnt get on well with Bianca. Bianca is seen gradually becoming like how Kate used to be. The two are almost swapping personalities. Lucentio is very disappointed with his wife, Bianca and she would react to him by saying this line slightly crying:  The more fool you for laying on my duty  the audience would be quite astonished by this reply because she is usually very quiet and obedient. This would be a significant part to show how Bianca is also changing. I will now go through the play line by line and describe how I would direct it.  Katherine, I charge thee, tell these headstrong women/What duty they do owe their lords and husbands.  Petruchio wants Kate to tell the people how a lady should act towards her husband or lord. The crowd will now think that although Kate has changed, she will not do it. But she does with pride. Kate starts her speech by insulting the widow and saying that she should respect her master. Fie, fie, unknit that threatening unkind browThy governor.  I would get the actress to say this in a sarcastic but malicious way because although she respects Petruchio, she has her own free will and also wants to intimidate the widow. As she says this, I would get her to walk up o the widow and the widow would cower away into a corner. This will show the audience that Kate is still domineering.  Thy husband is thy lordsea and land. Whilst Kate is saying this part, she will go up to Petruchio and kneel in front of him to show the audience how much respect she has for her husband.  Too little payment for so great a debtowes the prince.  She is saying that women have a good life and hardly have to repay their husbands for all the things he does for her. As she says this she will scan across the room, glaring at the other wives as if to say that they dont repay their husbands enough and should be thankful he hasnt left them.

The Representation Of Black Identity in Films

The Representation Of Black Identity in Films The debates over race and representation of African American in films have been highly contentious for over a century. Blacks have generally been perceived and stigmatized, throughout history, as trouble makers, incapables, intellectually limited, inferior, lazy and irrational, amongst the many other demeaning labels attached to them. These labels are connected not only to the history of colonization but also, importantly, to the exploitation, perpetuation, and careful maintenance of stereotypes through cinematic clichà ©s which have imposed themselves easily and significantly on the popular imagination. As rightly stated by Wijdan Ali, the projection of harmful and negative stereotypes onto marginal or ineffectual groups within a society has always been an easy and useful method for making scapegoats.  [1]  Effectively, films form the ideal platform/space to circularize and preserve the labels which the mainstream audience desires to attach to the black community. Five decades of the Civil Rights Movement have gone by, and the degree of change in the black community, though undeniably real and noticeable, remains perplexingly complex and inadequate. Although the fact that we now live in a time in history where Americans have voted for a black President, where blacks now occupy positions of power and are ostensibly less subject to institutional discrimination than in the past, the black community nevertheless remains inadequately poor, unemployed, undereducated and negatively labeled. Therefore, adopting a writing-back style in Bamboozled (2000), Spike Lee satirically attacks the way in which African Americans have historically been misused and misrepresented on screen. Through Bamboozled (2000), the director attempts both to entertain and to educate his audience about the history of African American representation within popular culture, with the word bamboozled itself indicating the state of having been cheated or conned. Bamboozled (2000) presents American mass entertainments history of discrimination through abasing minstrel stereotypes, which first started to be performed in musical theatres and which were later brought to cinema with films such as The Wooing and Wedding of a Coon (1905), The Sambo Series (1909- 1911) and D.W Griffiths controversial The Birth of a Nation( 1915). Consequently, the purpose of this study is to analyze both the African American evolution in the American film industry and the social construction of black identity through symbolic representation in cinema. These will in turn help to understand why the integration of African Americans is considered as a problematic issue even in a sophisticated era where racism seems to be a thing of the past, and where people are supposedly no longer judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.  [2]  This paper will also analyze the effect of stereotypes on black identity using Spike Lees film, and will explore the impact of such a film in the deconstruction of stereotypes and the renegotiation of a stigmatized identity. But before getting to what Bamboozled (2000) actually brings to the table of African American films, it is important to look at the history and evolution of black representation in Hollywood cinema, which the following paragraphs are going to deal with. African American in American Films: A Brief Retrospective African Americans first started to be represented in minstrel shows in the late 1820s and later on television in the early 20th century.  [3]  Through blackface minstrelsy, a performance style where white males parodied the culture, clothing, songs, dances and speech patterns of Southern blacks  [4]  using blackface makeup and exaggerated lips, Americas conceptions of blackness and whiteness were shaped by these mocking caricatures. While whiteness was posited as the norm, every black face was a statement of social imperfection, inferiority, and mimicry that [was] placed in isolation with an absent whiteness as its ideal opposite.  [5]  Consequently, for over a hundred years, the belief that blacks were racially and socially inferior to whites was ingrained and accepted by legions of both white and black minstrel performers and audiences. The caricatures took such a firm hold on the American imagination that audiences naturally came to expect any person with dark skin, ir respective of his/ her background, to conform to one or more of the following stereotypes; Jim Crow, a dull-witted and subservient plantation slave; Zip Coon, a gaudily dressed, lazy man from the city representing the proud newly- freed slave; Mammy, the contended, happy, loyal and ever-smiling female slave (as evidence of the supposed humanity of the institution of slavery,); Uncle Tom, the good Negro; submissive, hearty, faithful no matter what, stoic, selfless, and oh-so-very-kind,  [6]  Buck, the proud and menacing Black man always interested in white women; Wench/ Jezebel, the temptress; the mixed race Mulatto and Pickaninnies, who have bulging eyes, unkempt hair, red lips and wide mouths into which they stuff huge slices of watermelon.  [7]   As time moved on, black appearance in mainstream films became more and more frequent, as well as the increase in the number of independent black directors, from Oscar Micheaux to Daniel Lee and Spike Lee. Since The Birth of a Nation, which marked a change in emphasis from the pretentious but harmless Jim Crow to the threatening savage Nigger, black filmmakers have responded by creating race movies and blaxploitation films which were tailored to black audiences . The 1970s witnessed a resurgence of the blaxploitation genre with films such as Sweet Sweetbacks Baadassss Song (1971), Shaft (1971), Black Caesar (1973) and Foxy Brown (1974). Since such films were themselves in turn accused of using the negative to hyperbolize issues pertaining to blacks , this genre saw its end in the late 1970s to give way to a new wave of black directors, such as S. Lee and John Singleton, who focused on black urban life. However, we cannot afford to simply celebrate the achievements of black filmmakers for the so-called ethnic arts. And as Stuart Hall remarks, we have come out of the age of innocence, which says that its good if its there.  [8]  The mere fact that such films have had a considerable increase does not mean that the black self is undergoing a positive change although it may be true that the level of clear-cut racism has known an important decrease, or even a disappearance. This can be backed up by Appiahs statement that changes in the representation of blacks do not ipso facto lead to changes in their treatment.  [9]   In Bamboozled (2000), Spike Lee directly addresses this issue of African American representability as being a discourse of white essentialism. Through Bamboozled (2000) the director invites his audience to realize that although nobody goes around in blackface anymore,  [10]  it does not entail that Hollywood has altogether abandoned/given up essentialist discourse. The name of the blackface show in Bamboozled (2000) is in itself very symbolic; Mantan: The New Millennium Minstrel Show. Here, Lee suggests that minstrelsy has not disappeared in the new millennium. In his own words therefore, it has only gotten more sophisticated. Gangsta rap videos, a lot of the TV shows on UPN and WB- a lot of us are still acting as buffoons and coons.  [11]  Clearly, his aim in this satirical film is to show that even today, the American film industry is still concealing essentialist discourses within contemporary films. Consequently, as essentialism involves ongoing human and social interacti on as well as limitation, identity regulation and enforcement takes place within this kind of racist discourse, whereby blacks have to undergo identity dilemma while trying to seek approval. Appiah, K. A. (1993). No Bad Nigger: Blacks as the Ethical Principle in the Movies. In: Garber, M, Matlock, J and Walcowitz, R, L Media Spectacles. New York: Routledge. 77-90. Bogle, D. (2001). Black Beginnings: From Uncle Toms Cabin to The Birth of a Nation. In: Bogle, D Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films . 4th ed. London: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. p1-18. Crowdus, G. and Georakas, D. (2002). An Interview with Spike Lee. In: Cynthia Fuchs Spike Lee: Interviews. United States of America: University Press of Mississippi. 202-217. Mercer, K. (1994). Diaspora Culture And The Dialogic Imagination: The Aesthetics Of Black Independent Film In Britain. In: Mercer, K Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge. 53-68. Wijdan, A. (2003). Muslim Women: Between Clichà © and Reality. Diogenes. 50 (3), 77-87.

The Artwork of Leonardo Da Vinci Essays -- Art History

The Artwork of Leonardo Da Vinci â€Å"Sometimes the heavens endow a single individual with such beauty, grace and abilities that, whatever he does, he leaves all other men far behind, thus demonstrating that his genius is a gift of god and not an acquirement of human art.† (1) Giorgio Vasari. On April 15, 1452, Leonardo Da Vinci was born as an illegitimate child. Even with this setback, he was soon educated and his passion for art began to flourish. Growing up through the years in one of the most important cities in the world at that time, Florence, Leonardo had many different and exciting experiences. Not much information is known about his youth. He created a few paintings in that time, but only a few are still in existence today. One experience he had during this time was in his early 30’s. He was caught committing homosexual acts with a man that posed for him in a painting he had made. Leonardo was tried for this in Milan, but no evidence came through to prove that he was guilty. (2) Now there is evidence still being found about his life, and this experience, that would determine his sexuality. Still he prospered as an artist and his work flourished during his lifetime. Leonardo created many paintings that spurred from his own imagination, but most of them wer e based on events happening in his life. (3) One of his great masterpieces that influenced his life was The Last Supper. This creation is probably one of the two most famous paintings he has done, and one of the few still around today. It is one of his most popular creations, and was attempted at restoration many times. These attempts never fully succeeded, but progress has been made over the years. There is much hassle about the restoration and preservation of... ...nd the subjects in them. The Last Supper, the Mona Lisa, and the Horse for the Duke all told a little bit about his life. His art influenced his life and his life influenced his art. Leonardo created many paintings that spurred from his own imagination, but most of them were based on events happening in his life. He was a great Renaissance man who will be remembered for centuries to come. Bibliography Cianchi, Marco. Leonardo Da Vinci’s Machines. Milan: Becocci Editore, 1984. Cooper, Margaret. The Inventions Of Leonardo Da Vinci. New York: The Mcmillan Company, 1965 Mannering, Douglas. The Art of Leonardo Da Vinci. New York: Excalibur Books, 1981 Santi, Bruno. Leonardo Da Vinci. Italy: Harper & Row Publishers, 1983 Wallace, Robert. The World of Leonardo. New York: Time Incorporated, 1971 Leonardo Da Vinci Museum. http://www.davinci-museum.com/

Elektrolux :: essays research papers fc

The acquisition of different companies always indicates a change for both the acquiring and the acquired organisation and the people within. To successfully combine and integrate Elektrolux and Zanussi it is essential to consider both organisations ´ formal and informal structures which are heavily influenced by their culture. Culture develops on the one hand nationwide but also specifically in an organisation. Building up trust is important to develop a working informal network, which supports the formal structure. Thus positive influence is taken on the selected behaviour of people within what Breton and Wintrobe call “bureaucracies';. This behaviour is characteristically competitive, especially in such times of major change. This change should be managed step-by-step and is described by Quinn as logical incrementalism. It builds “the seeds of understanding, identity, and commitment into the very processes'; (Quinn, p145) and is the underlying strategy which makes integration successful. After Elektrolux announced the acquisition of Zanussi, both organisations and people within were confronted with many changes which created tensions or misfits that called for new visions.(Normann in Quinn, p99) As a first step, mission values and guiding principles of Zanussi were made public to the employees in the Mission Statement.(Exhibit 3 in Case Study, p914) From the bottom-up they should understand step-by-step in a learning process (Normann in Quinn, p99) what behaviour was generally expected and correct. Bennis and others (in Quinn, p101) also agree that “programs to achieve significant change must be phased and largely undertaken bottom up, but the legitimacy of alternatives must be affirmed by the support of key people at the top.'; Besides the new Mission Statement, education and training programmes were undertaken to diffuse the new philosophy and policy. Thus the rules for building up an effective network are made visible. This network supports the formal structure. Breton and Wintrobe also assume that “relationships between superiors and subordinates in bureaus are generally governed by exchange and trade and not by the giving of orders and directives.'; Exchange can only take place, if property rights are existing and are supported by “trust'; (Breton and Wintrobe, p4) Trust is essential for the functioning of networks and has to be built up incrementally. One effective way of building up trust is by making “symbolic moves'; (q,111). In addition to this, the “most important changes are often those which signal a change in attitude at the top of an organisation.'; (Riccardo and Cafiero in Quinn, p112).

EPA’s Policy of Superfund Sites Redevelopment into Recreational Facilit

EPA’s Policy of Superfund Sites Redevelopment into Recreational Facilities: The Success of Chisman Creek Introduction Superfund sites are located all across the United States and its territories. These sites have been deemed the worst of the worst in terms of environmental damage; they pose a threat to human health and the environment, prior to their remediation. Superfund sites are usually a result of several years of contamination; however, there are some instances when they are one-time accidents. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is in charge of Superfund, which is the common term for Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the enforcement of this law in the United States. Superfund was passed in 1980 to establish enforcement surrounding contamination sites in the U.S. and their cleanup. EPA has set up several initiatives and policies that deal with the remediation and redevelopment of these sites. EPA focuses their remediation policies on turning these sites back into productive and useful areas for the community, whether that reuse i s residential, commercial, industrial, or recreational use. Chisman Creek Superfund Site in Virginia was chosen as a site that could be successfully remediated into a recreational facility and serve as an example for other site remediation policy makers. The process by which this contaminated old landfill was redeveloped into a phenomenal recreational facility is an example of EPA successfully pulling together several issues and actors to achieve their agenda. Issues Superfund sites could have many different contaminations and remediation characteristics. The characterization of the site should strongly correlate with... ...ncy and Remedial Responses, Reuse of CERCLA Landfill and Containment Sites, OSWER 9375.3-05P, September 1999. EPA, Office of Emergency and Remedial Responses, Returning Superfund Sites To Productive Use, OSWER 9378.0-16FS, March 1999. EPA, Office of Emergency and Remedial Responses, Chisman Creek, York County, Virginia – Technical Appendix, OSWER 9378.0-16FS, March 1999. WWW.EPA.GOV/oerrpage/superfund/programs/recycle/benefits.htm WWW.EPA.GOV/oerrpage/superfund/programs/recycle/bensum.htm WWW.EPA.GOV/oerrpage/superfund/programs/recycle/recycle.htm WWW.EPA.GOV/oerrpage/superfund/programs/recycle/list170.htm Colvin, George H., "RCRA Cleanup Reforms", Environmental Protection, February 2000. Bolitzer, B and N. R. Netusil, " The Impact of open spaces on property values in Portland, Oregon", Journal of Environmental Management, 59, 185-193, 2000.

Career Paper – Fashion Buyer

Career Paper April, 8 2013 My career goal is to become a fashion buyer, I chose this career because this is something I can see myself doing for the rest of my life, becoming anything that has to do with fashion had always been a child hood dream of mine. I’ve always wanted to partake in something with fashion but didn't really know what it was until I started working at my current job. Working at a jewelry store helped me learn a lot with deciding what part of the fashion world I would like to choose to become my career.Working at a jewelry store and helping the owner also gave me all the experience and knowledge about being a buyer. I finally realized that this is something I would Sparingly do when is something I would even do it for free. In addition, fashion Buyer also get the opportunities to travel certain places regarding work related tasks. all in all, I see myself waking up with a smile on my face knowing that I am going to do something I enjoy with this career. The job description of a fashion buyer is to be responsible for a variety of tasks that connect the design world to the retail industry.For instance, a fashion buyer’s main duty is to select and buy products, according to market trends, customer demands and sales forecasts, which a retailer will sell. Buyer also try to maximize profits by obtaining the highest quality products at the lowest cost. According to BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics), buyers employed by small retailers are usually responsible for deciding the store’s entire merchandise assortment, whereas buyers for large retailers may specialize in one type of merchandise, such as women’s outerwear or mens suits.According to the BLS, there are no strict education requirements for becoming a buyer, but employers typically prefer applicants with a college degree. Candidates with bachelor's degrees in business, marketing or merchandising may enjoy higher employment opportunities. Students should select courses that focus on sales forecasting, business operations, commerce and inventory. The salary of a fashion buyer it really depends on the level and the type of company but on a range of $34,832 a year on an entry level and a great amount of $72,772 for a senior buyer.A fashion buyer needs to be versatile and flexible as the buying schedule may include sitting behind a desk one day writing reports and communicating by phone or email, traveling out of the country to identify forthcoming trends the next week, then flying to another the following month to meet and negotiate with suppliers. A good buyer needs stamina but should also be enthusiastic,professional,decisive,creative and well motivated. To succeed in this career buyers need to have foresight and develop skills in people management and time management.It is rare to find someone with an equal balance between these qualities and skills and many buyers will excel in some while being only adequate in others. In conclusion although the y do ask for a lot when it comes to being a buyer I believe the skills are learnt within the job,and to succeed, one must be passionate and persistent. Resources Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012-13 Edition, â€Å"Buying Managers, Buyers, and Buying Agents, on the Internet ‘ [visited April 07, 2013]. â€Å"Buyers. † Riley Guide. The Riley Guide, 07 APR 2013. Web. 7 Apr 2013. .

Impact of E Government on Public Admin

The Introduction of the iris diaphragm payroll system at the Ministry of substantial kit and caboodle and Transport was seed as the compositors case Study for this project with the mall objective lens being to highlight the changes being see by usual administration as a result of the revolution In communication technology. Introduction The revolution of training Technology and Communication during the 21st coulomb has impacted on individuals, groups as thoroughly as organizations and businesses.While this has caused changes in peoples lifestyles, it has also constituted phenomenal changes in establishment processes and interactions with citizens, businesses, stocker(a) government agencies and employees. Within the sphere of judicature, data Communication Technology coatings pose infiltrated into governments policies, procedures, groundwork and its frameworks in purchase order to enhance the rake of goods and service to the public.Society has become more awake(pre dicate) of obtaining useful and efficient electronic or e-government services mainly because of the advent of the meshing in the sasss. Globalization and greater guest expectations have created a shift form agency- based to fulfilling the needs of the public. The flourishing implementation of e-government projects requires a lot of administration restructuring processes, redefining of administrative procedures and formats, which find resistance in roughly all departments at all levels. 1. Ultimately, In the long -term, e-government alms to reinforce governments Initiatives towards effective governance and Increased transp arncy In order to better manage the country amicable and economic resources for growth and development. 1 . Kananga 2004 An Overview of E- government activity The egovernment agenda has been widely pick break through by governments of many neutrons Walt n ten dollar bill expectation AT inclemency, effectiveness, accountability, transp arency and thinga mabob in the functioning of government agencies. E- Government has become both a flock and the world we live in. Citizen-eccentricity is about round the focus of government around looking at at the world through the different end of the telescope so that the needs of citizens and business come first. 2. The term e-government, picayune for electronic government is synonymous with digital government or connected government. It stand be defined as the migration of overspent discipline and services to an online delivery mode. 3. It dates back to the sasss with the mental institution of information technology in the unexclusive Sector.However it was not until the year 2000 that the conversion of the supplying of information and services to electronic meaning took place. Three components comprise the e-government system, they are 1 . The provision of services from Government to government (Internal) 2. From government to business (External) 3. From government to citizens (Exte rnal) both(prenominal) examples of e-government in action include spending of social security- Identification cards drivers permits, passports intervention of government works projects as soundly as providing information of representatives online. . Intel , 2006 3. Oliver & sanders, 2004 Definition of E-Government in that respect is no one definition for E-government and it ranges from the government task of setting a valid legal framework for the effective use of the electronic media in corporation as well as the application of these media for public procurement, services to companies and the management of the upcountry organization. l .To the ramification process of the unrestricted administration as a whole and of its interaction with people this process, through randomness and Communication Technologies (Sits), aims at optimizing the provision of services, at increasing participation by citizens and enterprises and at enhancing the governing ability of everyday court itself in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. 2. Public ecesis is the executive or in effect(predicate) arm of the government with the responsibility of carrying out their policies and directives.Therefore within the intent of e-government, Public Administration is now faced with both organisational and institutional transformations as governments move towards the cornerstone of an International Ana Knowledge Dates collect. The use of schooling Communication Technology in government, gibe to the European Union, aims to achieve three goals. They are as follows to improve public services, to speed the democratic process by allowing greater citizen participation and to strengthen support for public policies. The change to e-government requires major organizational and structural hangs.Within the Public administration framework, numerous reforms have to be undertaken such as redefining of roles and responsibilities, rethinking services and access to them, eliminating redunda nt functions, developing skills and competencies in staff as well as working roll in hand with other stakeholders to deliver services that go beyond the organization . For e-government to be successful reforms and reinventions in the Public Service are imperative. However, while the technology part may be relatively easy to implement, the catchy part is the human aspect.